Sonnenseite Ergänzungen zur Vorlesung TWK an der TU-Berlin
Inst. f. Ökologie
(1998-2016)

Vegetationsökologie Tropischer & Subtropischer Klimate
von PD Dr. habil. H. Kehl  
 
   
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Die Debatte um den Klimawandel. S. A2-37
   
Elektromagnetisches Spektrum, Strahlungsenergie und Absorption:
 

Abb. A2-37/01:
Schema des elektromagnetischen Spektrums ("A schematic of the Electromagnetic Spectrum") mit der Leistung der Sonnenenergie in Beziehung zu den Wellenlängen. Im unteren Teil der Abbildung ausserdem Charakteristiken der Strahlungsabsorption für Wasserdampf und Kohlenstoffdioxid. ("Radiation Absorption characteristics of Water Vapour and Carbon Dioxide"). Spektralbereiche von kurzwelliger bis langwelliger Strahlung.

Verändert nach
“The Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change”
Geoscience Australia, by Chris Hepplewhite: "A schematic of the electromagnetic spectrum, showing the Sun's energy output in relation to wavelength"

Anmerkung:
Diese allzu schematische - und dadurch missverständliche - Kurve wurde am 10.09.08 ersetzt aus:
"Plasma Redshift and the Astrophysics of the Non-Exploding Universe" (Fig.: Solar disk center intensity) nach:

Burlov-Vasiljev K.A., Gurtovenko E.A., Matvejev Yu.B. (1995) New absolute measurements of the solar spectrum 310–685 nm.- Solar Phys. 15: 51-73.
Burlov-Vasiljev K.A., Matvejev Yu.B., Vasiljeva I.E. (1998) New Measurements of the Solar Disk-center Spectral Intensity in the Near IR from 645 nm to 1070 nm.- Solar Phys. 177: 25-40.
aus: http://www.mao.kiev.ua/sol_ukr/terskol/ters_all.html

"An unexpected discovery could yield a full spectrum solar cell" by Paul Preuss, Berkeley Lab.
"Physical Oceanography Animations" by Louis E. Keiner, Coastal Carolina University, Marine Science,
“The Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change”: "The radiation Absorption characteristics of Water Vapour and Carbon Dioxide as a function of wavelength (...) The percentage absorption of a vertical beam by representative atmospheric concentrations of water vapour (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are shown " according to
Australia 2007, Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) -
Geoscience Australia, by Chris Hepplewhit
e.

 

Zum elektromagnetischen Spektrum vgl. Sie bitte auch:

Elektromagnetisches Spektrum, von K. Ziemke, Universität Kiel, Geographisches Institut, Fernerkundung - neue Methoden und Medien für Geographie und Unterricht, Prof. Hassenpflug, Material zur Vorlesung im Internet, 05.05.99 (am 3. Nov. 2019 nicht mehr online).

 
 
 

Abb. A2-37/02:
"Wasserdampf ist das wichtigste Treibhausgas der Atmosphäre, da es in einem breiten Wellenlängenbereich langwellige Strahlung aufnehmen kann. Die übrigen Treibhausgase spielen eine geringere Rolle, da der Wasserdampf [siehe nächsten Abschnitt] bereits einen grossen Teil der Strahlungsenergie aufgenommen hat."
(aus Berner & Streif 2000: 25)

 
 
Zur solar-terrestrischen Strahlungsbilanz:
 

Tsushima, Y., A. Abe-Ouchi, and S. Manabe, (2005) Radiative damping of annual variation in global mean surface temperature: comparison between observed and simulated feedback.- Climate dynamics, published online before print March 25, 2005

  • Abstract:
    "The sensitivity of the global climate is essentially determined by the radiative damping of the global mean surface temperature anomaly through the outgoing radiation from the top of the atmosphere (TOA). Using the TOA fluxes of terrestrial and reflected solar radiation obtained from the Earth radiation budget experiment (ERBE), this study estimates the magnitude of the overall feedback, which modifies the radiative damping of the annual variation of the global mean surface temperature, and compare it with model simulations. Although the pattern of the annually varying anomaly is quite different from that of the global warming, the analysis conducted here may be used for assessing the systematic bias of the feedback that operates on the CO2-induced warming of the surface temperature.

    In the absence of feedback effect, the outgoing terrestrial radiation at the TOA is approximately follows the Stefan-Boltzmann’s fourth power of the planetary emission temperature. However, it deviates significantly from the blackbody radiation due to various feedbacks involving water vapor and cloud cover. In addition, the reflected solar radiation is altered by the feedbacks involving sea ice, snow and cloud, thereby affecting the radiative damping of surface temperature. The analysis of ERBE reveals that the radiative damping is weakened by as much as 70% due to the overall effect of feedbacks, and is only 30% of what is expected for the blackbody with the planetary emission temperature. Similar feedback analysis is conducted for three general circulation models of the atmosphere, which was used for the study of cloud feedback in the preceding study. The sign and magnitude of the overall feedback in the three models are similar to those of the observed.

    However, when it is subdivided into solar and terrestrial components, they are quite different from the observation mainly due to the failure of the models to simulate individually the solar and terrestrial components of the cloud feedback. It is therefore desirable to make the similar comparison not only for the overall feedback but also for its individual components such as albedo- and cloud-feedbacks. Although the pattern of the annually-varying anomaly is quite different from that of global warming, the methodology of the comparative analysis presented here may be used for the identification of the systematic bias of the overall feedback in a model. A proposal is made for the estimation of the best guess value of climate sensitivity using the outputs from many climate models submitted to the Intergovernmental panel on Climate Change."
 
CERES: Understanding the Earth’s Clouds and Climate
What CERES Will Measure

"CERES will measure the energy at the top of the atmosphere, as well as estimate energy levels in the atmosphere and at the Earth’s surface. Using information from very high resolution cloud imaging instruments on the same spacecraft, CERES also will determine cloud properties, including altitude, thickness, and the size of the cloud particles. All of these measurements are critical for advancing the understanding of the Earth’s total climate system and the accuracy of climate prediction models."

Cloud Effects

"One of the most intriguing questions facing climate modelers today is how clouds affect the Earth’s climate and vice versa. The U.S. Global Change Research Program classifies understanding the role of clouds and the Earth’s energy budget as one of its highest scientific priorities. Understanding cloud effects requires a detailed knowledge of how clouds absorb and reflect sunlight, as well as how they absorb and re-emit outgoing heat emitted by the planet. For example, low, thick clouds primarily reflect incoming solar energy back to space causing cooling. Thin, high clouds, however, primarily trap outgoing heat and produce warming. To date, satellite studies have found that clouds have an overall cooling effect on the Earth.

Analyses of satellite data also indicate that clouds which form over water are very different from clouds which form over land. These differences affect the way clouds reflect sunlight back into space and how much heat emitted from the Earth the clouds absorb and re-emit. For example, over the equator in the eastern Pacific Ocean during El Niño events, there is a significant decrease in the amount of energy emitted by the Earth due to increased cloudiness. El Niño events occur when portions of the eastern Pacific Ocean become considerably warmer than normal, causing an increase in cloudiness over the region. These changes can affect weather patterns around the world."

Water Vapor Effects

"Water vapor in the atmosphere also impacts our daily weather and climate, though scientists are only beginning to understand how this complex mechanism works. Water vapor acts like a greenhouse gas and absorbs outgoing heat to warm the Earth. Because water vapor also condenses to make clouds, additional water vapor in the atmosphere also may increase the amount of clouds."

 

 
Weiterführende Links zum Thema "Global Warming" etc. innerhalb dieser Website ( nur kurze Hinweise!):
 
Das zyklische Auftreten von Kalt- und Warmzeiten im Laufe der Erdgeschichte.
Das zyklische Auftreten Warm- und Kaltzeiten (150 Mio. Zykluszeit / Eis-Zeitalter)
Das zyklische Auftreten Warm- und Kaltzeiten (125.000. Zykluszeit / Eiszeit-Zyklus)
Klimaschwankungen im Jungpleistozän und Holozän und Vegetationsgeschichte
Kurzer Überblick zur Klimageschichte
Literaturangaben zur Klimageschichte, kleine Auswahl
Globalklimatische Grundlagen und Entstehung von Vegetationszonen
Die glaziale und postglaziale Vegetationsgeschichte Afrikas
Postglaziale aride und humide Phasen in der Sahara Afrikas
Meeresspiegel während des LGM (120m unter NN) u. Simulation um +5m ü.NN
Glaziale bis postglaziale Nordseegeschichte
Entwicklung der Insel Sylt
Holozäne Optima und Pessima
2000 Jahre Temperaturentwicklung der nördlichen Hemisphäre, Bemerkungen zum "Hockeystick"
Sargasso Sea Surface Temperature (3000 BP - Present)
Der sogenannte Treibhauseffekt
Hurrikane haben nicht immer Saison
Elektromagnetisches Spektrum, Strahlungsenergie und Absorption
Die Bedeutung von Kohlendioxid
Der Kohlenstoffkreislauf - Ein kleiner Einblick
Das zyklische Auftreten von Sonnenzyklen
 
 
Copyright © Harald Kehl
ehemals TU-Berlin - Institut für Ökologie

 
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